Romeo and Juliet Love free essay sample

Would somebody ever double-cross their family for the individual they love? Well in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet composed by William Shakespeare shows up as a notable plot with a curve finishing by virtue of prohibited love. Two youngsters who originate from various quarreling families fall into all consuming, instant adoration which consistently existed as prohibited since the families have detested each other since the very beginning. The affection puts on a show of being so solid and amazing; it winds up executing them both with wrong data passed along.Since the solid affections for each other lead to death, the adoration will consistently stay valid and will consistently exist there. On the off chance that those risked taboo love with somebody, they would possibly remain together in the event that it really existed. In the inspiring story of two youngsters beginning to look all starry eyed at and biting the dust for one another in only five days, it shows clear genuine affecti on. We will compose a custom paper test on Romeo and Juliet Love or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the play, it doesn't put on a show of being â€Å"puppy love† yet genuine affection. Romeo and Juliet meet, get hitched, and kick the bucket for one another. Romeo says â€Å"Did my heart love ‘til now? Renounce its sight.For I never observed genuine magnificence ‘til this night,† demonstrating his solid inclination and feeling. At the point when the peruser peruses this statement said by Romeo, they would consider Romeo’s old loves, for example, Rosaline and think how he longed for her, yet how Juliet has popping appearance and puts on a show of being increasingly important. Genuine love just comes around once, and when Romeo says this, he demonstrates that she happens to be his one love, and he seemed imbecilic struck and visually impaired until he saw her. Juliet says, â€Å"’Tis however thy name that is my adversary, thou craftsmanship thyself however not a Montague. What is Montague?It is nor hand, not foot, nor arm, nor face, nor any part having a place with a man. Gracious, what’s in a name? That which we call a rose by some other word would smell as sweet; so Romeo would, were not Romeo called, hold that dear flawlessness to which he owes without that title. † The peruser believes that the adoration won't work since taboo and wrong, yet the name of you doesn't change who you will in every case live with as yourself and it ought not change your privileges. When Juliet says this and states it doesn't make a difference if what she willed be acknowledged as off-base, it shows she will do anything for Romeo which shows genuine love.Romeo risked numerous loves, urgently, yet states Juliet as the most commendable, and she likewise says it doesn't make a difference whether you partake in the life of a Montague or Capulet; love can't avoid being love and ought not have rules or guidelines. The manner in which Shakespeare depicts the consi derations and expressions of Romeo and Juliet; you realize it originates from the heart and that it shows love. â€Å"Good night, goodbye! Separating is such sweet distress, that I will say great night ‘til it be morrow,† says Juliet after the two of them share their affection for one another. At the point when the peruser sees this they imagine that it won't become long until they will be seen again however it will show an excruciating while for them. It shows love since when love exists between somebody, they need to invest the entirety of their energy with one another, not away from them. â€Å"O my affection, my better half! Passing, that hath suck’d the nectar of thy breath hath had no force yet upon thy beauty,† says Romeo. In the wake of understanding this, it comes to know Juliet fakes the passing and that she will alert soon while Romeo figures she will never conscious, and she will remain in endless sleep.Romeo states that despite the fact that the life has been drained out of her, her magnificence remains and it shows love. On the off chance that it were desire he would not discourage over it. When there is marriage and demise for somebody in only five days, love exists and you can't succumb to somebody so rapidly without sentiments. To show and offer love, wed, and kick the bucket for somebody that has similar expressions of love of adoration, genuine romance exists and there will in every case live solid sentiments between them. Juliet can scarcely go a night without seeing Romeo.Even however Romeo thought he cherished previously, he swears that the main individual he happened to love could be Juliet, and that all his other lost connections appeared to exist as only perhaps desire. Romeo likewise expresses that nothing can change Juliet’s excellence. Juliet says it doesn't make a difference which family you happen to remain a piece of, and as long as you love somebody, it ought to be permitted. Cherishing somebody includes committing your life to them. Romeo and Juliet do commit their lives and pass on so they won't exist with full of hopelessness without their interminable love.

The Impact of Light Wavelength to Photosynthesis Lab Report

The Impact of Light Wavelength to Photosynthesis - Lab Report Example In any case, our information didn't bolster the theory since the red light didn't have essentially higher pace of photosynthesis among the three hues. Light is extremely huge to plants as it is the vitality source that guides a chain of synthetic responses include during the time spent their food creation called photosynthesis. With their light catching photosynthetic colors, plants gather light vitality that at that point bolsters the creation of sugar. The most significant among a few distinct shades is chlorophyll which is answerable for green shade of most plants (Light frequency and photosynthesis) process we know as photosynthesis (Farabee, 2008). Daylight as the essential wellspring of light is changed over to a usable substance vitality with the activities of green shade chlorophyll. This procedure prompts the substance response wherein water and carbon dioxide enter the cell of the leaf creating oxygen and sugar. With that leaves fills in as sun oriented authority brimming with photosynthetic cells (Whitmarsh). Light is an issue and an electromagnetic radiation which is a type of vitality. The light that permits us to see is really a mix of various frequency and named noticeable light. To isolate these frequencies the light should pass a crystal making them all noticeable (Light frequency and photosynthesis). ... This makes an electromagnetic range of light between red as the longest frequency while violet as the most limited (Farabee, 2008)The light vitality that is transmitted and reflected is spoken to with the hues that we see while those that we can't are those that are assimilated (Light frequency and photosynthesis) Light is assimilated through substance called colors. For most plants chlorophyll is the green shade answerable for engrossing all frequencies of noticeable light with the exception of green. As the shade assimilates light vitality, it triggers photosynthesis; hence making the adequacy of various frequencies of light creating electrons comparative with the activity range of such concoction response. Techniques The effect of light frequencies on photosynthesis was controlled by uncovering the plant Dracaena to light of various frequencies at that point estimating the reduction in carbon dioxide level. With a 60 Watts delicate white light with red, green and yellow light channels, frequencies of 630 to 750nm speaking to red, 570 to 590 speaking to yellow, and 490 to 560nm speaking to green were used. Two medicines were accomplished for every one of the three frequencies, every treatment with seven repeats. Every one of the seven plants was put in the CID machine and tried for CO2 level breath. Each plant was at first tried for drop in CO2 following two minutes of light presentation and afterward last estimations were gotten inside seven minutes. In this manner had gives us the measure of progress in the degree of carbon dioxide use inside five minutes span. Results The information in Figure 1 shows that the adjustment in level of carbon dioxide usage varies among shades of various frequencies. The control where in the daylight fills in as the wellspring of light shows a mean of 160.71

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example The most amazing thing about SA is its minimal effort contributions for the entirety of its courses in the market. Disregarding its ease, its administrations were fantastic and flights were on time. At the point when its adversaries accepted that SA will before long be bankrupt, the carrier made due as well as thrived and could duplicate its armadas from three planes in 1971 to more than 500 planes in 2010. It is the main vocation in the US to make predictable benefits since 1973 because of its low working expense and client arranged administrations. Q. What evaluation would you give Southwest administration for the activity it has done in creating the company’s system? Would could it be that you like or aversion about the technique? Does Southwest have a triumphant system? Surely, the organization merits a top evaluation for its triumphant methodologies that incorporate consumer loyalty and keeping operational expenses as low as could be expected under the circumstances. No aircraft can offer such a low-charge on the entirety of its courses except if it realizes how to diminish its operational expense without influencing client administrations. It is praiseworthy that right around 74 percent of SAs incomes are earned through appointments at its site sparing a ton on booking operators (408). The organization utilized key intuition from the earliest starting point. For instance, utilizing Houston Hobby Airport rather than Houston Intercontinental Airport in 1972 was a key decision and its traveler traffic outlasted the adversary aircrafts very quickly. It requires business insight to slice charges from $26 to $13 in a solitary stroke in 1973 on its San Antonio-Dallas trips to find out that not a solitary seat goes vacant ever (395). When Kelleher, the CEO of SA ventured down in 2001, the organization was immovably settled procuring incomes of $5.6 billion and more than 30,000 representatives on its finance. Since its origin, the organization keeps on thriving and it's anything but a little accomplishment that in these

Cancer Taking Lives :: Personal Narrative Writing

Malignant growth Taking Lives The East Pennsboro primary school fund-raised for a sculpture at a nearby park. The sculpture was a ring of youngsters that were clasping hands. There was one kid missing; the connection was broken. The sculpture was committed to East Pennsboro understudies that didn't make it to their graduation. My sophomore year of secondary school roused this bit of fine art. Mid December during my sophomore year I discovered that a companion of mine had lost her battle with malignant growth. Tiffanie was determined to have two uncommon types of ovarian malignant growth during seventh grade. Having either sort of malignancy is uncommon, so the way that she had the two kinds was mind blowing. I had been closest companions with Tiffanie during grade school. We had lost touch in center school, however our companionship never finished. She had her high points and low points during her sickness, yet I never anticipated that her malignant growth should be deadly. I was told toward the start of December that the specialists didn’t anticipate that her should live until Christmas. Since she was in my evaluation, my class sent cards to her. I made an amusing tale about both of us growing up. I sent the story with a point trimming. Christmas must be commended early this year, and I felt that a holy messenger would be fitting. In the event that anything happen ed to her, her mother could keep the trimming in memory of her. She passed on seven days after the fact at the youthful age of 16. I got some answers concerning her demise two days after it happened. I was in chapel preparing to play my woodwind in the ensemble. My closest companion was with me. I surmise she realized that I didn’t see the news. I can recollect still recall what she said. She revealed to me that she was at a friend’s house on Friday night. They were preparing for a move that I didn't go to. Her mother revealed to them that something had occurred. She passed on the message to me by saying â€Å"Meg†¦I feel that Tiff died.† She couldn’t simply tell, since she realized that I would be crushed, yet I realized that it was no error. I rushed to the washroom and started to lament for my companion who never at any point got the chance to get her driver’s permit. That night, I viewed the news. Her malignancy story had been broadcast for quite a long time, so when she at last past, the nearby news stations started indicating clasps of her for an amazing duration as a last remembrance.

Fall 2015 Transfer App is Open - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Summer/Fall 2015 Transfer App is Open - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Summer/Fall 2015 Transfer App is Open The Summer/Fall transfer application is now open, along with the Summer/Fall transient applications (summer transient, summer/fall study abroad, etc.). While the application is now open, please take your time completing it. Make sure you are applying for the correct program, the correct campus, the correct term, etc. Here are a few suggestions when applying as a transfer. Review our transfer procedures and requirements, as well as our academic consideration levels. Select the term you wish to attend, not one you have heard is easier to get in (this is a myth). If you select summer, for instance, we expect you to attend for summer, and if you do not, you cannot then attend in the fall. Please send in all the required transcripts after you apply, not before. As well, we need all transcripts from colleges ever attended, even if you attended a college during HS. If a transcript has a different name than the one you applied with, please make sure to let us know so we can match up documents, If you started a freshman application earlier to set up an account, you will need to select the Settings option on your admissions dashboard to change your application type. It is much better to get everything correct before applying rather than try to fix things after you submit an application, so triple check everything. Once you apply, be patient. Review the timelines page on this blog, give us time to match up things, and relax. For document matching purposes, we suggest you give us 10 business days from when you apply or submit transcripts, whichever one comes last. Make sure to monitor your myStatus after sending in transcripts, but give us time to complete your file. Go Dawgs, and be patient!

Chemistry Personal Statement Writing Company

Chemistry Personal Statement Writing Company Chemistry Personal Statement Writing Company Are you currently working on your admission to a grad school? Would you like to specialize in chemistry and later on tie up your career with this field? However, you may have found out that you are experiencing some minor difficulties with the daunting process of documents submission and applications. You’ve come to a point where you have to write a college personal statement and that’s where you are staying at right now? You are seeking for help, but do not know where to ask for it? No more problems if you are at BookwormLab.com! // Great Offer Online Some people find it rather difficult to express themselves by means of writing. It’s more like you are making a PR of yourself, your background, education, skills and learning capacity. If you happen to experience some struggles with this task, then it is high time you found a writing service. Choosing an agency you can trust can be perplexing, but luckily you have BookwormLab.com. We are willing   to work with you 24/7! Writing Is All About Admission board is looking for someone who can do well at demonstrating he/she is interesting and can do a good job on self-examination. And in order to achieve that you need to invest all your passion and enthusiasm for chemistry and prove that you are a worthy candidate to be accepted to the program you are applying for. Here’s what you need to convince the board of: Your suitability for the course. Your possession of the required qualifications. Your ability to cope with the demands and challenges. Your ability to adjust to the new university environment. Your true dedication and passionate interest in the courses offered by school. Knowing the Requirements Before you actually write your chemistry personal statement, make sure you are well aware of the requirements the course program has. Check out the website of the school you are applying for. Read about their perfect candidate’s expectations. See if you could be the one to fill in the position of a new student. // Get a Custom Written Chemistry Personal Statement A personal statement you submit is your lucky ticket to the school you are applying for. And in case you do not have a feeling of confidence that you can do it perfectly, you might want to have a professional take care of the writing part. That way someone will describe your skills and knowledge in a sophisticated way. Or you may find it rather hard to give yourself praise and recognition. It would be way easier if someone did that for you. This is why.com is willing to help you out. We can offer an expert in the writing field who will get to know you, your personality, achievements and academic credentials. The writer will come up with an objective piece of writing carefully tailored in accordance with your requirements. BookwormLab.com will provide you with a chemistry personal statement that will definitely leave an unforgettable impression on the board!

Report Card Comments for Science

Report cards provide parents and guardians with essential information regarding their childs progress in school. Besides a letter grade, parents are given a brief descriptive comment that elaborates the students strengths or what the student needs to improve upon. Finding the exact words to describe a meaningful comment takes effort. Feedback also may vary by subject. What applies in math does not always apply in science. Its important to state a students strength then follow it with a concern. Below are a few examples of positive phrases to use as well as examples comments that indicate some concerns are evident. Positive Comments In writing comments for elementary student report cards, use the following positive phrases regarding students progress in science. Is a leader during in-class science activities.Understands and executes the scientific process in class.Has an analytic mind for science concepts.Takes pride in his science projects.Did a wonderful job on her __ science project.Strongest work is in science.Is drawn to our science corner in all his or her free time.Continues to turn in top-notch science assignments.Continues to conduct top-notch science experiments.Particularly enjoys hands-on science experiments.Has a naturally investigative nature in science.Is quite proficient in all science concepts and vocabulary.Is able to identify and describe all science vocabulary.Demonstrates an understanding of target science content and makes relevant connections.Demonstrates an enhanced understanding of science content.Meets all learning standards in science.Shows an understanding of systems that are designed to accomplish a task.Uses the appropriate science vocabulary in her oral responses and written work.Demonstrates a clear understand ing of the concepts and skills learned.Makes a great effort in science and is very inquisitive.Is doing a great job in science and always is the first to hand in assignments. Needs Improvement Comments On those occasions when you need to convey less-than-positive information on a students report card regarding science, use the following phrases to assist you. Needs to study for science tests.Needs to learn science vocabulary.Has difficulty memorizing scientific concepts.Many science homework assignments have not been handed in.Reading comprehension often interferes with __s ability to perform well on science tests.Understanding of scientific terms often interferes with __s ability to perform well on science tests.I would like to see __ improve her note-taking skills.I would like to see __ improve his vocabulary skills.Seems to show no interest in our science program.Needs to review science concepts and vocabulary as she is having a great deal of difficulty.Lack of attention in class may account for the difficulty he has with assignments.Needs to improve in science.Needs to develop more self-confidence in science.Does not appropriately use scientific inquiry skills.Demonstrates a week understanding of science content.Does not yet use science vocabulary appropriately.__needs to explore the connections between researched information and real -world applications.__needs to describe his observations more fully and link them clearly to the purpose of the experiment.__needs to use more information from previous learning and research to support his opinions.___needs to use exact measurements when recording scientific observations.___needs to acquire science and technology vocabulary and use it in both oral and written responses.

The Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay - 991 Words

The epic of Gilgamesh is a tale that displays multiple didactic messages throughout the course of the story. These morally oriented instructions that shape the epic’s characters are very much applicable to our current lives. Messages like: the importance of perseverance, that drive that pushes you to excel, the down side of sexual passion when not tempered, and how we need to keep our pride under control, not letting it cloud our judgement. These principled themes, among others, are clearly visible to the eyes of the audience. The epic of Gilgamesh exhibits a beautiful look at what a person with strong perseverance had do. The fact that Gilgamesh after the death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s greatest friend, he mourns for a while and then goes on a quest to the edge of the world in an attempt to find the key to immortality, is incredible. Gilgamesh’s journey takes him to Mashu, the twin-peaked mountain where the Sun rises on one side and sets on the other. The mountain that is guarded by two scorpion like creature that had no intentions of permitting Gilgamesh to pass through the tunnel that lead to the other side, but his passion persuaded them to. After traveling for hours in the darkness he emerges and proceeds to meet Siduri, the tavern keeper, who tells him that his desire for immorality is futile, but seeing how determined he was to reach Utnapishtim, the only immortal man. He then advances to Urshanabi, the ferryman, who takes Gilgamesh to Utnapishtim, but not afterShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesMany texts, both ancient and modern, explore the possibilities of living forever. The Epic of Gilgamesh is just one of the stories examining this theory. The Gilgamesh tablets discuss many such issues pertinent to much of today’s population: what is the meaning of life? How will I be remembered? This age old topic is explored through many popular mediums today such as graphic novels and in the film industry. Additionally the immortal question is further studied in some scientific industries, toRead MoreEpic of Gilgamesh Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesEpic of Gilgamesh . Mesopotamia, current day Iraq, derived its name from words meaning, the land between the rivers, which refers to the Tigris and Euphrates. This land was inhabited during the fourth millennium B.C.E. and throughout time transcended into political and military organizations. The significance of these cultures revolved around important warrior figures and their impact on society. The most important figure that will be discussed is the protagonist from The Epic of GilgameshRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh has many important female characters, and from them we can learn how females were viewed in ancient Sumerian society. The women are not typecast with simply one personality and role but instead are shown with many facets. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, women are shown as essential beings who can be either loving and nurturing or incredibly powerful and scary. Ways to combat mortality is a main motive for Gilgamesh and he could do it simply through his children as most men do withRead MoreEssay on Epic of Gilgamesh971 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Gilgamesh Type: Epic Author: Anonymous Theme: The central idea of Gilgamesh was the greed that he had to receive eternal life. Gilgamesh was a selfish person who was half god and half man and wanted to keep his youth after seeing Enkidu die. Gilgamesh knew his destiny was not to receive eternal life because he was half man. He decided to go against the odds to fight against not having eternal life searching for the secret despite what the Gods told him. Exposition: The storyRead MoreEssay The Epic of Gilgamesh905 Words   |  4 PagesEgypt and Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, were such rulers. They were powerful and cunning individuals, yet they let their own selfish nature ruin the ability to be a great leader. Gilgamesh was said to be the spawn of a god and a human woman. His handsome features, great strength, and cunning intelligence were supposedly the best in the land. Yet, he did not rule his kingdom with justice. He often took advantage of his citizens for his own personal pleasures. The following quote, â€Å"For Gilgamesh, the KingRead MoreThe Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesfantastical places, lies the narrative of a profound friendship between two men. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, an ancient Mesopotamian literary masterpiece, all of its events are centered around the development of the friendship between Gilgamesh, the tyrannical and stubborn king of Uruk, and the man created by the Gods to both complement and challenge his nature: Enkidu. Each of the three dream sequences in the epic represent different stages of Enkidu’s life – one portends his birth, another foretellsRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of G ilgamesh is an epic poem from four thousand years ago, from ancient Mesopotamia. It was written on clay tablets, and even if some part of sentences were not able to be recovered, the tale is understable. It is the oldest Epic found, and still one of the most famous too. While the stories are made of different Gods, cows talking, King with perfect strength, giant monsters, it seems hard to find similarities between the Epic and the 21st century. Yet by reading closely the passage fromRead MoreThe Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh embarks upon a quest seeking immortality as a means to peace, meaning, and joy in life. He tries to reach it in many different ways, each as unsuccessful as its predecessor. The two main types of immortality are physical and through the actions or achievements of ones life. Gilgamesh tries first through his actions, but then undergoes a transformation which leads him to next attemp t physical immortality. He eventually comes back toRead MoreEpic of Gilgamesh Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is one of earliest known pieces of literature. Through years of storytelling and translation, The Epic of Gilgamesh became a timeless classic. This story is believed to have originated from Sumerian poems and legends about the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. Throughout the epic, many themes arose about women, love, and journeys and the one I would like to discuss is the theme of death. Also, I will discuss if Gilgamesh accepts morality at the end of the story and the development ofRead MoreThe Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many vices and virtues displayed in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a tale from ancient Babylon. Its hero, Gilgamesh the king of Uruk, is two-thirds god and one-third man. Throughout the epic, which consists of three stories, the character of Gilgamesh is developed. This is accomplished by changing the vices he possesses at the start of the epic, and replacing them with virtues he receives by its completion. â€Å"A virtue is a quality of righteousness, goodness, or moral

Response Essay to Islam in the Crusades - 1413 Words

Bart Brown Strate HIS 120-02 3 October 2011 The Book of Contemplation / Islam and the Crusades From reading The Book of Contemplation I feel that the Franks are Inferior to the Muslims, in the eyes of Usama Ibn Munqidh. Throughout the literature when Usama refers to the Franks, a â€Å"may God curse them† usually follows. Usama rarely sheds a positive light on the Franks’ beliefs, actions, or practice of medicine. The first instance of Usama referencing the Franks was in the story â€Å"In the service of Nur Al-Din (Munqidh 43).† In the story Usamas family and possessions were being transported from Egypt to come to be with him. For the journey they were granted â€Å"safe passage† from the King of the Franks. Upon arriving to Acre, from†¦show more content†¦Upon arriving they saw â€Å"the entire army of Antioch† rush against the Franks, so they hurried to seize the advantage over them before the battle finished. One of the horsemen with Usama, Mahmud, had fallen and when Usama†™s group turned back to get him another had fallen and put in a choke hold by a Frankish knight, a few more spear thrusts were able to free him (Munqidh 68). In the story â€Å"Jum’a Accused of Cowardice† a few Frankish soldiers came upon a man grazing his animal (Munqidh 71). The Franks captured â€Å"the man and his beast,† afterwards Usama and his Uncle had 20 men ride off to rescue the man, shortly after the men turned back because they carried no spears. Jum’a rode off alone in pursuit and attacked the horsemen, chasing them back to their tents. The lord of Antioch had watched what happened and sent his men to disarm the two soldiers, after which the lord of Antioch had chastised his men saying â€Å" One Muslim horseman chases away two Frankish Knights! You aren’t men – you’re women!† In the story â€Å"The Status of the Knight among the Franks† Usama plainly states a few of his criticizing views of the Franks. T he first sentence of the story says, â€Å"The Franks (may God confound them) have none of the human virtues except for courage† (Munqidh 76). â€Å"They have neither precedence nor high rank except that of the knights – it is they who are the masters of legal reasoning, judgment and sentencing† (Munqidh 76). In the story he relates a story aboutShow MoreRelatedWhich Religion Is More Violent in History: Christianity or Islam?4367 Words   |  18 PagesWhich religion is more violent in history: Christianity or Islam? A Jewish–American author by the name of Isaac Bashevis Singer gave a quote which says; â€Å"Doubt is part of all religion, all religious thinkers were doubters†. Religion has always been very controversial in within society as there were always theories that were not proven as fact, problematic agendas within the various religions. The world most violent problems have everyone from politicians to ordinary citizen to simplisticallyRead MoreUnderstanding of Identity in Samuel P. Huntingtons Clash of Civilization1148 Words   |  5 Pagessphere has imagined a future world witnesses a clash of civilizations.According to his categorizationfrom a cultural perspective however; the world shall be divided into eight civilizations. This essay shall shed a light into the different understandings of theidentity and culture as in relation to Islam and the West having reference to different arguments and visions presented in the following scholarly sources. Samuel P. Huntington in his book â€Å" The Clash of Civilizations†has predicted that theRead MoreSlavery And Colonial Rule During Colonialism1459 Words   |  6 PagesFrench. These include working on plantations and military service. Even though the French and the British were profiting from the labor and oppression of Africans, they soon faced opposition for their use of slavery as a tool for economic gain. In this essay, I will explain these elements of slavery in colonial rule, by detailing information from Martin Klein’s Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa, and Trevor Getz’s Slavery and Reform in West Africa. Klein discusses the status of the slaveRead MoreThe Consequences of Terrorism Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthe background an origin of the term. The western contrived term was first used by used by the American President, George W. Bush, during tenure trigger of the war against terrorism happened. At Camp David George W. Bush in his speech said This crusade – this war on terrorism – is going to take a while, ... and that was the beginning of the frequent use of the term to legitimize and justify the actions taking place that had larger and hidden agendas. Agendas the people are not bothered about,Read MoreDoes the Theory of Evolution Contradict Creation?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressed to those who claim to have faith but mistaken in understanding the theory of evolution . Here is described a number of scientific and logical explanation of the importance that shows why the theory of evolution is not in accordance with Islam and the fact of creation . Basic dogma of Darwinism proposes that life came into existence by itself spontaneously as a result of coincidences . This view is completely contrary to the belief in the existence of Gods natural creation . The biggestRead MoreConflict Between Religion And Conflict3009 Words   |  13 PagesMuch of the discussion about religion in context of conflict and global politics today focuses on the Muslim world. This is not only because of the events of 11 September 2001, even for some time before these events, it has been believed that Islam was problematic because in its belief system, religion and politics could not be separated - meaning that the Muslim world was challenging to west (Mandaville, 2014). With this hypothesis, it is easy to underline simple conclusions about the link betweenRead MoreChristianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe6059 Words   |  25 Pagesthe Dark Ages it was the only unifying force. By the Middle Ages people defined themselves by their religion and in Europe this religion had become Christianity. Through its missionary work, its monasteries, its education, it pilgrimages, its crusades, its influence on art and architecture and its Papacy it had united the peoples of Europe. By the thirteenth century all of Europe was Christian. Its ideas penetrated every aspect of life and every political and economic arrangement. Its churchesRead MoreMuhammad Alis Achievements1905 Words   |  8 Pagesthere are few opportunities in life to prove yourself a man; Muhammad Ali took advantage of every one that came his way, in doing so became loved by not only his countrymen, but also the world, and became immortal in his own time. In this essay I will discuss about if this boxing great really did cause a stir among the people of the world, what factors helped him, his moral and religious beliefs and did he really achieve what he set out to do in the quote above. It allRead MoreDiscuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Focus Groups as a Research Tool5114 Words   |  21 PagesThis essay is going to analyse the use of focus groups as a research method in modern day social sciences. The disadvantages and the advantages will be discussed, and furthermore the use of focus groups as a research method against using other research methods will be evaluated. A case study will also be reviewed in order to describe the use of focus groups; furthermore the case study would be critically discussed in order to reflect on the success or the failure of the study. Using this case studyRead MoreUnderstanding Religious Identity and the Causes of Religious Violence7269 Words   |  30 Pagesthe world order is really in the process of being redefined by major civilizations and religious groups. Amongst the many possibilities of confrontations that Huntington’s thesis examines, foremost are the existing frictions and hostilities between Islam and the West, the latter, to a certain extent, being an allusion to Christian culture and values.2 Huntington maintains that trends in global conflict after the end of the Cold War are increasingly appearing at the civilizational cleavages illustrated

Six Major Tenants of Personality Theory Essay - 2500 Words

Six Major Tenants of Personality Theory Karissa Stuart Liberty University Abstract This paper will review the six major tenants of personality theory. The first discussed are the foundations of psychology, which are: nature versus nurture, the unconscious, and view of self. Each of these foundations are important to the development of a psychologically healthy person. Nature versus nurture is a long time debated concept within psychology that argues whether a person’s behaviors are derived from genetics and what are derived from the things we learn. The unconscious is a part of the mind that humans are unaware of, but it is responsible for dreams, sexual desires, and even aggression. The view of self is important because it†¦show more content†¦In cognitive psychology, the unconscious is responsible for subliminal information processing (Bargh Morsella, 2008). Freud believed that the unconscious was responsible for repressions, which are slips of the tongue, dreams, and certain types of forgetting. He also believed that the only way the unconscious could be proved is indirectly. Adler believed that all humans are guided by plans or goals that they are either dimly aware of or totally unaware of. This is how he viewed the unconscious. He rejected Freud’s view that the unconscious was majorly influenced by repression (Ansbacher 1982). Regardless which view one stands by, the overall conclusion on the unconscious is that it is a part of the mind that one is not fully aware of what occurs there. The bible says in 1 Corinthians 2:16 that we have the mind of Christ. Despite having an unconscious aspect of our mind, we still are supposed to think purely. By filling our thoughts and heart with things that are noble, pure, honorable and right are the things we are to dwell on according to Philippians 4:8. If we fill our hearts and conscious mind with these things, then it will also influence our unconscious. View of Self The last foundation of psychology is the view of self. The view of self or self-concept is a generalized term to describe how one perceives themselves as a whole,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Career Counseling1072 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that John Holland’s theory is the most widely used, respected, and researched theory of career counseling (pg. 148). With research providing a foundation of effectiveness and usefulness, Holland’s theory provides a positive framework for assisting clients achieve career and occupational satisfaction. Holland notes various personality types providing one with insight into their interest, traits, and factors that ultimately lead to career happiness. The six personality types previously identifiedRead MoreMethods For Modifying Behavior And Behavior Modification935 Words   |  4 Pagestackle countless problems within children. 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Aztec Human Sacrifice †a Detached View Free Essays

string(47) " arrival at the exquisite truth of the matter\." In searching for a thesis for this paper, I was faced with a singular problem. With the ghastly subject of human sacrifice, what could possibly be argued and defended? During my reading and research, the stark and horrible reality of a butchered, battered, or burned human being slain in some grisly, weird ceremony for some equally weird gargoyle-like idol nearly caused me to choose another subject. Yet, years ago, when I read Gary Jennings’ novel Aztec, I was fascinated with his description of the Aztec’s sacrifice of prisoners during the dedication of the great pyramid in Tenochitlan: â€Å"The hearts of †¦ perhaps the first two hundred of them, were ceremoniously ladled into the mouths of Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli until the statues’ hollow insides could hold no more, and the stone lips of the two gods drooled and dribbled blood†¦ Those who have read Jennings’ novel know that the foregoing is but a mild example of some of the graphic barbarism he describes. We will write a custom essay sample on Aztec Human Sacrifice – a Detached View or any similar topic only for you Order Now During my first reading of that novel, I would have never believed that I could come to the conclusion of my thesis. My thesis is this: There appears to be an intolerable paradox between the barbarous religious practices and the rather high state of civilization in the Central Valley of Mexico. This paradox undoubtedly led the early Spanish missionaries to regard the conquered Indians as devil worshipers. However, I believe that it is possible to regard the Aztecs as civilized people who also happened to perform human sacrifice. They performed human sacrifice in reaction to their view of the world and how they cope within it. Maintaining those two opposing viewpoints requires an understanding and a detached view which may have more to do with the study of history than the study of human sacrifice. The Aztecs, of course, had no monopoly on the practice of human sacrifice. Earlier cultures (the Maya, the Toltecs and others) provided the cultural base for human sacrifice upon which the Aztecs took to new heights. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, excavations in Egypt and elsewhere in the ancient Middle East have revealed that â€Å"numerous servants were at times interred with the rest of the funerary equipment of a member of the royal family in order to provide that person with a retinue in the next life. The burning of children seems to have occurred in Assyrian and Canaanite religions and at various times among the Israelites. Rites among the ancient Greeks and Romans that involved the killing of animals may have originally involved human victims. † The Aztecs, as previously stated, took the practice to new heights. In 1487 (five years before Columbus arrived to the East and two years after Henry VII began the Tudor dynasty in England) the greatest orgy of bloodletting of human sacrifice occurred during the fierce rule of Ahuizotl. I have already quoted Gary Jennings’ description of the carnage, and I will quote one more passage to illustrate how the Aztecs in a ceremony lasting four days sacrificed at least 20,000 prisoners to their insatiable god Huitzilopochtli: â€Å"The prisoners endlessly ascended the right side of the pyramid’s staircase, while the gashed bodies of their predecessors tumbled and rolled down the left side, kicked along by junior priests stationed at intervals, and while the gutter between the stairs carried a continuous stream of blood which puddled out among the feet of the crowd in the plaza†¦ Although Jennings’ Aztec is, admittedly, a work of fiction, I have seen his descriptions corroborated elsewhere; for example, G. C. Vaillant’s The Aztecs of Mexico describes the scene: â€Å"†¦ At the start of the dedication, the captives stood in two rows, and (they) began the grisly work of tearing out the victim’s hearts†¦ † Returning to my thesis, how could the practice of human sacrifice be looked upon as anything less than barbaric, even to the point where Aztecs could be regarded as uncivilized? The answer, in my opinion, arises from their view of their creation, their position in the world, their relative importance therein, and how they were only holding on by a thread. If the Judeo-Christian God took only six days to create the heavens and earth (and rested on the seventh day), the Meso-American deity took awhile longer to get it right. The Aztecs believed that the sun and earth had been destroyed in a cataclysm and were regenerated four times. They believed that they were living in the fifth, and final, stage of creation, and (according to Meyer and Sherman’s The Course of Mexican History) â€Å"that in their age of their fifth sun, final destruction was imminent. † Meyer and Sherman also point out another interesting (and revealing) aspect of how the Aztecs regarded themselves in the cycle of their cosmology. The accepted view of â€Å"a natural cycle† was that humans occupied a rather lowly position in the food chain of the gods. The cycle held that since the sun and rain nourished plant life and sustained man, man should give sustenance to the sun and rain gods. One might infer from the foregoing view that the Aztecs placed a low value on human life. To add to the paradox of sacrifice versus civilization, the evidence is that the Aztecs regarded the individual human as â€Å"a most significant locus of the meditation of the human and divine. † In Aztecs – An Interpretation by Inga Clendenin, the author focuses in on the actual meaning of the word â€Å"sacrifice. In her analysis of the Nahuatl linguistic iterations covering the separate meanings of death and sacrifice, she (gradually) comes to the conclusion that Aztecs regarded sacrifice as a payment of the debt incurred and only fully extinguished by death, â€Å"†¦ when the earth lords would feed upon the bodies of men, as men had perforce fed upon them. † What I liked most about Inga Clenninden’s writings on the Aztec wa s her mixture of sometimes excruciating detailed scholarship (I had to have a dictionary handy at all times) along with her eventual arrival at the exquisite truth of the matter. You read "Aztec Human Sacrifice – a Detached View" in category "Papers" Concerning debt of humans to the gods she states the truth of the matter in two exquisitely perspicacious sentences: â€Å".. (T)he Mexica knew that all humans, unequal as they might be in human arrangements, participated in the same desperate plight: an involuntary debt to the earthly deities, contracted through the ingestion of the fruits of the earth†¦ It is that divine hunger which appears to underlay the gross feedings of undifferentiated mass killings. While everyone in Aztec society had the same debt, Aztec religion and its black-robed, blood-caked priests served to pay everyone’s daily dues for continuation in humanity’s last Tonatiuh yet a while longer. Through obeisance and observance of the needs of the pantheon of gods and with the complicity of the Aztec society at large (and often even with the active cooperation of the victims), the priests performed their killings, according to Clendinnen, openly and everywhere: â€Å"†¦ not only in the main temple precinct, but in the neighborhood temples and on the streets. The Aztecs believed that without human sacrifice and the offering of the most precious and sacred thing the human possessed (blood), the sun might not rise to make its way across the sky. This rather strange and naive belief was supported by a mythology in which Huitzilopochitli, their fierce bloodthirsty god played a central part. But first, an explanation of the Aztecs’ beliefs regarding the creation of their current age does shed some light on the role of sacrifice and Huitzilopochitli’s cult, which later ran rampant and reached its zenith in the sacrifice of 20,000 at the dedication of the temple in 1487. A succinct description of Meso-American mythology appears in The Daily Life of the Aztecs by Jacques Soustelle. The ancient Mexicans believed that the two parent gods lived at the summit of the world. Their â€Å"unending fruitfulness† produced all the gods, and from it all mankind was born. The sun was born when â€Å"the gods gathered in the twilight at Teotihuacan and a little leprous god â€Å"covered with boils,† threw himself into a huge brazier as a sacrifice and â€Å"rose from the blazing coals changed into a sun†¦ † This sun was motionless and it needed blood to move. So the gods â€Å"immolated themselves, and the sun, drawing life from their death began its course across the sky. † To keep the sun moving on its course, â€Å"so that the darkness should not overwhelm the world forever, it was necessary to feed it every day with its food, ‘the precious water’†¦ human blood. † Every time a priest fed the gods at the top of a pyramid, or in the local temple, the disaster that always threatened to fall upon the world was postponed once more. About the time of the Crusades in Europe, the Aztecs migrated from the west into the Valley of Mexico. They brought with them their strange hummingbird god Huitzilopochitli, who, according to Victor W. Vonhagen in his The Aztec Man and Tribe gave the Aztecs some rather sound advice: â€Å"†¦ wander, look for lands, avoid any large-scale fighting, send pioneers ahead, have them plant maize, when the harvest is ready, move up to it; keep me,†¦ always with you, carrying me like a banner, feed me on human hearts torn from the recently sacrificed. † †¦ all of which the Aztecs did. The mythology surrounding Huitzilopochitli’s origins was also revealing. The Aztecs believed themselves to be the â€Å"people of the sun. † This god’s fierce preeminence is surpassed only by the Aztec view of his mother Coatlicue. Victor Von Hagen describes the Aztec sculpture of this powerful and awesome goddess: â€Å"†¦ her head of twin serpents, her necklace of human hands and hearts, her arms claw-handed, and her skirt a mass of writhing serpents†¦ † The Aztecs believed that Huitzilopochitli sprang alive and fierce from his mother to vanquish his brothers, the stars, and his sister, the moon who had conspired to kill his mother. Coatlique, an earth goddess, conceived him after having kept in her bosom a ball of hummingbird feathers (i. e. , the soul of a warrior) that fell from the sky. His brothers, the stars of the southern sky, and his sister, a moon goddess, decided to kill him, but he exterminated them with his weapon, the turquoise snake. The Aztecs followed the hummingbird’s twittering and became the dominant culture of a civilization that by the time Cortes and his group of scruffy adventurers landed in 1517 numbered in the millions. It is difficult to imagine an ancient, complex civilization like the Aztecs with a daily life that centered around the grisly practice of human sacrifice. The average Aztec only had to look at the stone idol of household god to be reminded of what nourished that particular deity. Deities other than Huitzilopochitli had their own feast days in the Aztec calendar and, accordingly, demanded their own sustenance. Slave children were drowned as an offering to the rain god Tlaloc. The fire god’s victims were given hashish and thrown into the blaze. Those who represented the god Xipe Totec were fastened to a frame, shot with arrows, and then had their corpse flayed (the priests dressed themselves in the skin representing the â€Å"new skin† of spring). Here we have the phenomenon of how the person being sacrificed was symbolically transfigured into the image of the god and his own temple. In most cases the victim was dressed up so as to represent the god who was being worshiped. Just as the gods of old had accepted death, the person reenacted and became that sacrifice. Moreover, according to Jaques Soustelle in The Daily Life of the Aztecs, â€Å"when ritual cannibalism was practiced on certain occasions, it was the god’s own flesh that the faithful ate in their bloody communion. † As the Aztec cycle continued and a shortage of â€Å"god food† occurred, the Aztec â€Å"Flowery Wars† replenished that supply. Militarism, elevated to a virtue, became ever intertwined with Aztec society. In fact, a warrior’s status was determined by the number of captives he delivered to the sacrificial altar. Whether as a battlefield casualty or ending up as a captive on the altar of an enemy tribe, this â€Å"flowery death† was desirable and noble, and a place in the clouds was reserved for that warrior. Returning one last time to Gary Jennings’ graphic description of the prisoner sacrifice on that day in 1487, when long lines of captives shuffled along the avenues toward Tenochitlan up the pyramid staircase towards the twin temples of Tlaloc and Huitzilopochitli: â€Å"†¦ any prisoners, however complacently they came to their fate, involuntarily emptied their bladders or bowels at the moment lying down under the knife. The priests – who†¦ had been clad in their usual vulturine black of robes, lank hair, and unwashed skin – had become moving clots of red and brown, or coagulated blood, dried mucus, and a plaster of excrement†¦ † It is indeed difficult to read of such gore and barbarism without relegating the Aztecs to the level normally r eserved for far less developed and organized societies. Although the Aztec period is considered by historians as not having reached the heights of civilizations of the classic period, it is clear that the Aztecs and the cultures of the Central Valley were sophisticated and well organized. There may have been as many as 30 million inhabitants of that area (although some scholars believe that count is somewhat exaggerated), and the breathtaking sight of Tenochtitlan must have impressed Cortes beyond words. The question remains: Does existence and abhorrent (to us) practice of human sacrifice disqualify the Aztecs from full membership in the â€Å"club† of civilizations? Apparently, the Spanish felt that the answer to the question was an unequivocal yes. The horror and disgust that newcomers must have felt may have helped the Spanish convince themselves that the native religion was another form of devil worship and provided subsequent justification for destroying their culture. Jaques Soustelle gets to the heart of the matter in The Daily Life of the Aztecs. He says that the Aztec practice of human sacrifice was a great factor in making the two religions which confronted one another totally irreconcilable. In the early battles, some conquistadores ended up as captives and sacrificial victims of the Aztecs themselves, and this practice lent a particularly remorseless attitude on each side of the struggle between the Aztecs and the Spanish invaders. If we can understand the motives and the religious and cultural perspective of the Spanish, who massacred, burnt, mutilated and tortured their conquered natives, it is likely that the definition of cruelty differs from culture to culture. It follows, therefore, that it is possible to use the same perspective towards human sacrifice on the part of the Aztecs. Works cited: Jennings, Gary, 1980, Aztec Von Hagen, Victor W. , 1958, The Aztec, Man and Tribe Vaillant, G. C. , 1944, The Aztecs of Mexico Clendinnen, Inga, 1991, Aztecs An Interpretation Meyer, Michael C. , and Sherman, William L. , 1995, The Course of Mexican History Pre-Columbian Civilizations: MESO-AMERICAN CIVILIZATION: Postclassic Period (900-1519): AZTEC CULTURE TO THE TIME OF THE SPANISH CONQUEST: Aztec religion. Britannica Online HUMAN SACRIFICE: Britannica Online XIPE TOTEC – Britannica Online â€Å"Tlaloc† Britannica Online. How to cite Aztec Human Sacrifice – a Detached View, Papers

Indus Valley Civilization free essay sample

The Indus valley civilization was the largest of four ancient urban civilizations Mesopotamia, Egypt, South Asia, and China. It was discovered in the 1990s but most of its ruins remain to be excavated. The Indus civilization was huge; it covered from Mumbai (in Marashta, India) in south up to Himalayas and northern Afghanistan in north. The far west of the Indus civilization is as far west as Arabian Sea coast (in Baluchistan, Pakistan) next to the Iranian border. The east of that large civilization ends a thousand miles to the east in India, beyond Indias capital (New Delhi in Uttar Pradesh state). World History witnessed wars, struggles, succession wars, revolts, since its beginning. Indus valley civilization was the only civilization where there was no war, no struggles, no revolts. The Indus valley people made deals not war, and created a stable peaceful and developed culture. This civilization has significance for not only historians and archaeologists but for the common man also. We will write a custom essay sample on Indus Valley Civilization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was best known for its spectacular city planning and had surpassed all other contemporary civilizations. The Indus civilization knew the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first people to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. Their measurements were very precise. They also were good agriculturalists, and their economy was depending on gardening. The Indus people had a wide variety if domesticated animals like camels, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, and buffalos. In Indus valley civilization, the society was divided into three districts social groups. One group ruled and administered the city. The other group included the people who were associated with trade and businesses activities in the city. The third group was the labors who worked in the city. They also included the farmers who cultivated wheat and barley as their main crops. Animals like buffaloes, sheep, and pigs were bred. Fish, mutton, beef, poultry, and pork consisted the food they ate. Men also seemed to have worn ornaments like fillets, necklaces, finger rings, and armlets. Women were fond of ornaments like earrings, bangles, bracelets, necklaces, girdles and ankles made of shell beads, gold, sliver, and copper. The peaceful life of the Indus valley people bred a sense of complacency. Hence, when the Aryan invaders poured in from the Northwest, they encountered little or no resistance. City after city fell, and the pathetic remains of the people were either assimilated into the conquerors way of life, or fled further south. In fact, the fall of Mohenjo-daro, almost 3,500 years ago, typified this decay. In terms of achievements in town planning and civil administration, this was a great setback, as more than a thousand years were to pass before anything of this magnitude was accomplished in India again.

Insurance Fraud free essay sample

A gang of Russian crooks ran a record-setting, $279 million fraud that exploited New Yorks no-fault auto -accident law, authorities said 2/29/12. The gang worked with corrupt doctors to set up more than 100 phony medical clinics across the city There, they generated fake bills for the treatment of Injuries that ranged from wild exaggerations to outright fabrications, Manhattan US Attorney Preet Bharara said. The fraudsters took advantage of the patient-friendly provisions of New Yorks andatory no-fault Insurance coverage, which guarantees up to $50,000 In medical benefits for anyone hurt in a car crash. Police commissioner Ray Kelly sent two undercover cops infiltrated the operation about six months ago by posing as crash vlctlms. Kelly coached the undercover cops to complain about neck, back and leg pain, and were then kept running back and forth for treatments and tests that was as close as possible to the $50,000 for each offcer. The Russian gang was convicted; the various defendants face prison terms ranging from 30 to 70 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Insurance Fraud or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Waterloo, New York- A man admitted that he crushed his son under a truck in a life insurance scheme that netted him $700,000. The man (Karl KarlsenS) plea of guilty to second-degree murder In upstate New York came a day before his trial was set to opem Karlsens, 53. was charged with murder and insurance fraud because he crushed his son (Levy) to death in 2008 by shifting a truck off its Jacks as the son worked underneath it. Karlsens tormer wite, Christina Ann Karlsen, died New Years Day in 1991 in a fire at her home. He denied that he was the cause of her death and ollected $200,000 in insurance on his wife after the fire declared an accident. After his wifes death, they moved to Manhattan. His second wife, Cindy Karlsen, testifies during a pretrial hearing that she began to suspect in the summer of 2011 that her husband had killed his son. She said she had learned that he had used to proceeds from the sons life Insurance settlement to buy a policy on her. l found out it was actually a life insurance policy on me and I would be worth $1200,000 if I were killed, Cindy Karlsen said. New Jerseys Acting Attorney General John J. Hoffman announced that a northern New Jersey chiropractor pleaded guilty Monday to causing false documentation to be submitted to Insurance companies and subsequently recelvlng more than $89,000 to which he was not entitled. Authorities said Joseph Salomone of Nutley, NJ.. pleaded guilty to second-degree health care claims fraud before Superior Court Judge Mitzy Galls-Menendez In Hudson county. under the plea agreement, the state will recommend that Salomone be sentenced to four years in state prison. Salomone greed to pay back over $89,000 in restitution to insurance companies for monies he fraudulently obtained. In pleading guilty, Salomone admitted that he directed his office workers to complete periodic re-evaluation forms which purported to list the results of range of motion tests on automobile accident victims. An investigation determined that Salomone directed his office statt to submit the documents that had fraud in them to the insurance companies listed- Allstate, High Point, Liberty Mutual, and US. Auto association. He had to pay a sum of $140,000 and spend 20 hours

Tips For Writing a River Raft Sample Essay

Tips For Writing a River Raft Sample EssayWhen looking for a literature course or essay subject, you may want to consider getting a raft sample essay. Because this type of essay is designed for different kinds of students, it will be easier for you to find the perfect essay topic that will match your specific learning style. You can use this kind of essay sample to learn how to write a report or one-page essay for various different purposes.As a writer, you should understand how to put yourself in the shoes of a particular student and what they like and dislike about school. After you know their likes and dislikes, you can tailor your essay to fit their tastes and preferences. This is how you will be able to understand the reason behind the topics on their sample essay topics. With this information, you will have a better understanding of how to write essays that are successful.If you are an English major, you can use this essay to help make up your mind on which subject you want to study. You will be able to determine which subject will be most suitable for you. There are a variety of topics for this type of essay that include essay on sport, writing for children, life skill topics, parenting and more. This will be perfect for a summer school application essay, summer vacation essay, internship essay, parental essay and more.It is important that you take the time to understand as much information as possible about the essay topic so that you can find ways to write about it in the best way possible. Some topics have specific instructions that you should follow while others will require you to just bring your own ideas to the table. Knowing what is expected from you will help you get it done right.When you are ready to begin writing the sample essay, you can start with a question. You should choose a subject that interests you and that you would like to write about. Start by researching the topic on the Internet and get the information that you need to write the essay. Once you have everything that you need, you will be ready to write the essay and will be able to know what to write about and where to begin.It is important that you consider the style of writing that is appropriate for the different ones. Some people have a particular style of writing that they can only use when writing about certain subjects. By using this guide, you will be able to be creative and will not have to worry about writing the essay the wrong way.The reason why you are doing this is because you are wanting to improve your skills as a writer. There are many different topics that you can choose from when writing a one-page essay and you can bring your own ideas to the table. This is an effective method for improving your skills and making a good impression on your teacher or professor.When choosing the essay topic, you should also be careful about choosing one that you will enjoy writing. As a writer, you should use a topic that is interesting and exciting. With the right topic, you will be able to write a successful essay.

Frankenstein Only Wanted Love †Literature Essay

Frankenstein Only Wanted Love – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Frankenstein Only Wanted Love Literature Essay Frankenstein was successful in creating an angle. The only reason he didn’t believe it is because he judged him by his looks and left him by him self. He was good at first till he gave revenge to Frankenstein by making him unhappy so he killed his loved ones, William and Elizabeth. Frankenstein betrayed him by leaving him alone confused and in pain. Then the monster wanted revenge because of him. The monster felt betrayed by his master Frankenstein and he just wanted to be loved by people and beautiful creatures but everyone didn’t love him because he was too ugly. So he wanted to have his own love just like him, so he made sure Frankenstein made him a wife so Monster will fell loved and stay away from the people into the wildness for good. Monster wasn’t very happy about the way he looked. He was pale, he had scares and he had stitches all over his body and smelt like the grave. People will judge him when he walks by and attack him because the think his hideous and then thought he was evil. It was like the town people think if you’re beautiful your kind but if you were ugly you’re just nothing but bad. Frankenstein also thought he was ugly because he thought he looked nothing like an angle but a ugly man. He thought he was ugly like a demon, and then he left him alone and didn’t actually believe he succeeded making an angle. (pg 41) â€Å" As soon as you saw me you turned away in horror.† Monster admired all he saw around him, but no one loved him back because they misunderstood him. He was pushed away from everyone, they assumed he was evil. People had sent their dogs on him, Monster was hoping to pet and play with the dogs but they tore him in pain. He once found William and wanted to have fun with him but when the little boy, William mentioned his brother Frankenstein, he killed him because that’s all he thought of and that’s when he wanted to hate everyone because he felt so rejected by all he saw. (pg 41) â€Å" I came to life full of goodwill and friend ship for every little creature† Monster wanted to be happy but he believes that Frankenstein wants him to be unhappy so he gives revenge by making Frankenstein unhappy he does that by killing his loved ones Elizabeth and William. (pg 41) â€Å" It was that I wanted to love.† The reason why Monster felt lonely is because there was only one of him, everyone else had a partner, and he wanted that. Someone just like him to love end be loved, but he was lonely, no one to love no one to admire. He set of to ask Frankenstein one favor, some one for a companion, and that is to make him a wife. If he had a wife, he would live far away from everyone into the wildness and wouldn’t hurt or go near anybody again. Monster did have to wait for two years, but his bride wasn’t successful. She died too soon because Elizabeth and Cleval didn’t want another one like him because they hated the monster so they tried o destroy his bride. (pg 44) â€Å"Make me a companion, make me a wife.† Frankenstein was like a father to the Monster because he did create him after all. But the did have things against each other like the fact Monster killed his brother William and his loved one Elizabeth, and the fact Frankenstein wanted to distort him and left him alone in the first place when he was only new to the world. Even though they issues Frankenstein was willing to help Monster by making him a wife so he wont bother no one. In the movie though monster was crying because Frankenstein died and he felt like he was hi son so he did have a bit of a family in the end. In the middle of the show monster explained how he survived and about his feeling and Frankenstein was paying a lot of attention to him. But together they were like father and son.(pg 45) â€Å" in two years time it will be ready. But if I hear from you before then, I shall destroy it, and that will be the end.† Over he did make an angle. But to be an angle you don’t have to look like one you just have to be one. The only reason why he thinks he failed to make an angle is because he believes that if you were an angle you would have to be beutuful in every way The monster did have emotions but the most one he felt was love and that’s what angle is. Usually an angle is one of gods spirits so Frankenstein was like a god and the Monster was an angle. Research Papers on Frankenstein Only Wanted Love - Literature EssayCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Build Your Own Style Guide

Build Your Own Style Guide Build Your Own Style Guide Build Your Own Style Guide By Mark Nichol If you have your own blog, or you produce print or online content for a company or organization, you need a style guide. â€Å"But I use The Chicago Manual of Style, just like you recommend,† you might tell me. Or perhaps you’re an AP Stylebook type, or you prefer some other set of guidelines to help your publication maintain editorial rigor. Good for you. But you still need a style guide a house style guide, that is. Perhaps you work for a health care organization that, like many of its type, prefers to style the name of the field as one word. Enter it in your house style guide. Or maybe you’re the publications director at the G. Paul Getty Museum, and you want to make it clear to others that the institution is always referred to simply as â€Å"the Getty.† Into your house style guide it goes. Do you run a Web site about posttraumatic stress disorder? Remind yourself, by creating an entry in your house style guide, that because site visitors are likely already familiar with the subject, you almost always use the initial form PTSD rather than spelling it out in each entry. But when you do, posttraumatic is not hyphenated. A house style guide is the place to record whether your publication uses the serial comma (it’s much simpler to do so), whether to use periods in initials like M.D. (it’s simpler not to), or whether to omit abbreviations of academic degrees altogether in favor of a medical professional’s job title (recommended). It’s where you document how to style numbers. (Spell out only to nine or ten, or to one hundred?) It’s where you indicate whether your Web site uses double hyphens, or codes em dashes. It’s where you explain whether headings are styled like headlines (most parts of speech are capitalized), or sentence style (only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized). In essence, a house style guide clarifies style that diverges from recommendations of authorities like Chicago or AP, or is not covered in those resources, or provides direction when an entry in one of them is ambiguous or ambivalent. But, you may protest, your colleagues won’t pay attention to a house style guide (staff writers are often notoriously averse to absorbing any guidelines editors may offer), and freelance writers can’t be expected to adhere to a single client’s idiosyncratic style while trying to keep others straight as well. Both points are valid but that’s not the purpose of a house style guide. It’s a resource primarily for editors, though any writer (or a staff member who, regardless of job title, contributes content) who demonstrates interest in the house style guide should be lavished with compliments and gifts and extolled to the empyrean. The house style guide is the authority for the organization’s gatekeepers of editorial excellence, who can count on it when their memory fails or when a colleague questions a style choice. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyItalicizing Foreign WordsOne "L" or Two?

Why is the British Government pursuing a policy of austerity while the Essay

Why is the British Government pursuing a policy of austerity while the economy is not growing - Essay Example The failure strategies and policies include the government opting to greatly cut down on the budgets of some of its departments to as low as thirty percent (Barrell and Liadze, 2009, p. 208). The Government had employed the austerity policies and hoped that it will greatly check on the budget deficit to minimum level of zero percent by the end of that financial year. This was also considered as a move by the government to boost its economic status and assist in paying off its public debt. Despite the above measures, the budget deficit of Britain has remained at an alarming rate and with the impact being felt most by the citizens following the increased recessions (Barrell and Liadze, 2009, p. 207) Pressure in now mounting on the government to come up with working solutions as well as cut down on the credit ratings. The austerity approach failed to meet its intended role of certifying things beyond reasonable doubt thus resulting to a huge setback in the economic development of Britai n. The Government of Britain is being accused of simply trying to experiment how efficient the austerity approach can be to its economy (Barrell, Holland, and Hurst, 2012, p. 933).This experiment has led the Britain citizens to live in depression for a long period of time.. From the look of things with regards to Britain economy, it is most likely that the austerity policies will not be easily implemented. Economists have come out strongly explaining that measures like cutting down on government expenditure may in the long run reduce the economic output largely, tax revenues to decrease, and spending on benefits to increase (Barrell and Liadze, 2009, p. 207). This however takes time and may end up resulting in an increase in the budget deficit. The government had intended to win back the favor of investors and businessmen by employing the austerity strategy. The effort to try and salvage the economic situation following the implementation of austerity policies has resulted to a big battle by the Bank of England to try slash investment spending (Delong and Summers, 2012, p. 78). This measure has however remained decimal and depressed. The government has also blamed the Eurozone for being its biggest business partners yet in has don e nothing to help it with the issue of recession. The government of Britain may try resolving this recession issue by loosening its fiscal policy (Delong and Summers, 2012, p. 78). Despite such positive advice, the government has remained adamant and has continued to propagate the pre-Keynesian economics. This approach has resulted in some positive changes in the country’s fiscal policy but most people have not yet felt the fruits of his efforts and opt for better contribution. Back in 2009, the government had forecasted that come 2013, the deficit would have gone down by 3.5 per cent of G.D.P. With time, the forecast has proven to have been too optimistic (Delong and Summers, 2012, p. 78). Despite the government coming up wit h measures to reduce economic budget deficit as well as government spending, it has not yet fully implemented these measures as it keeps on postponing them with the latest future date being put at them forward until 2016 to 2017 (Fatas, 2012, p. 78). The debt-to-G.D.P. ratio, which the government opted to go up by about seventy per cent, has surprisingly hit seventy-five per cent, and chances are that it will continue to increase up to eighty per cent in 2016. (Fatas, 2012, p. 78). The British government also blames the Eurozone crisis for the immense reduction of the amount of Britain exports goods. If the government realized that the external environment was unreliable it could have adapted to boosting the domestic market and solve

Job saisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job saisfaction - Essay Example This leads them to be tired and stressed out. Over a period of time, they may do the job just for the sake of doing it and not because they love to perform their work. 2. Bad bosses: If the immediate superior does not give the employee enough space to perform his or her job then it may lead to dissatisfaction in performing a job. In most cases, employees may not be given the freedom of empowerment which may affect their job satisfaction adversely. (prweb.com, 2011). 3. Reward: Most organizations fail to recognize the potential of an employee and do not equally reward them thereby leading to dissatisfaction in job. Organizations must learn to reward performance of employees. A mere pat on the back or a word of praise may help an employee to remain loyal to his work. Also the human resource team must ensure that the employees are duly appraised for their work. This will lead them to job satisfaction which in turn will affect their performance level positively. 4. Providing opportunitie s to grow: Dissatisfaction to perform a particular job may result from the fact that there are no opportunities for the employee to grow in a current organization. An employee needs to be promoted as per his or her skills and talents so that he or she can perform better. 5. Type of work: Sometimes the type of job may also be responsible for propelling dissatisfaction in job. ... Some employees may try to improve conditions by remaining in the organizations, some may protest, some may neglect the job and in extreme cases people may quit the job. (Zhou & George, 2001). A person who is dissatisfied with his job may resort to absenteeism. This is one of the most common signs which is displayed when one is not satisfied with the job. People may also show a careless attitude wherein the person does not both to take responsibility for his or her actions while performing a job. There is lack of dedication and skill in the job performed. In more severe cases, a person may cut himself or herself off from friends and colleagues and stay in alienation in the work environment. The Peter Principle is one which maintains that often persons who have been recognised and have got frequently promoted may be dissatisfied after attaining a certain level in their job. In this case, the person does not perform with the same aggressiveness and skill as he performed previously. This is due to dissatisfaction in job. (Potter, 2005). Potential interventions: There are many techniques by which job satisfaction may be restored. First of all, the human resource must see to it that the employee is given respect and rewarded for the kind of performance. This will lead him to take interest in his work. Secondly, the bosses must treat the subordinates with respect and they must use the tactics of participatory leadership. If employees are involved in the decision making process it makes them feel important and the person may be more interested in performing his or her job better. Third, the employees must be given proper compensation and benefits for the work performed. They must not be made to work for

The Resource Curse in Africa

The Resource Curse in Africa Chapter 1: Introduction The resource curse is the theory that countries with an abundance of natural resources, such as oil and minerals, achieve less economic growth than countries that are not endowed with natural resources. There are authors that argue this point (Auty 1990, Gelb 1988, Sachs and Warner 1995, 1997, 1999) and there are those that believe the resource curse is less to do with resources and more to do with political management (Brunschweiler 2008a, 2008b, Ross 1999, 2001). This theory appears to be contrary to the immediate instinct felt by many that natural resources will provide an opportunity for countries to develop by using increased revenues associated with a discovery of resources or an increase in world prices of such resources. The first section of this paper discusses a few of the most important mechanisms in which the resource curse can manifest itself. These are through institutions, corruption, conflict, Dutch disease and human capital. The second section studies the case of Botswana by providing an understanding of Botswanas economic and development path I will investigate how Botswana avoided some of the traps resource abundant countries usually fall into and how Botswana managed diamond mining in order to benefit the country. I will also perform a small comparison between Botswana and Sierra Leone to highlight the different channels in which resource abundance can affect economies. In my final chapter I will analyse whether Botswana has been successful in fully escaping the resource curse symptoms by discussing any problems the diamond mining may have caused. This paper, whilst small, highlights the importance of investigating phenomena such as the resource curse. Many countries have fallen into poverty since the emergence of extractable resources in their economies, yet Botswana has managed to avoid such problems. It is important to analyse how Botswana did this, so that lesson may be learned and used to help other countries avoid such problems in the future. The Resource Curse Literature Review Explanation of resource curse There are examples of resource poor countries outperforming resource rich countries throughout history. In recent times the Asian Tigers have achieved fast industrialization and economic growth despite having few natural resources, where as diamond rich countries such as Sierra Leone still remain low on world economic and social indicators (World Bank Development Indicators 2009). But do natural resources always lead to poor economic development? Or are there other variables in the context of which the natural resources are placed that determine economic development? There has been much discussion on the resource curse topic. Prominent among them are studies by Sachs and Warner (1995, 1997, 1999). Although in the conclusion to the paper Sachs et al admit their findings are far from definitive the general findings are that there is evidence for a negative relation between natural resource intensity and subsequent growth (Sachs and Warner 1995:p27). They analysed data from 95 developing countries by looking at annual growth rate between 1970-1990 and resource based exports in 1970. Sachs and Warner classified high abundance of natural resources as exports of agriculture, mineral and fuel as a percentage of GDP. From this simple analysis they discovered the existence of the so-called resource curse and they then tested the theory by controlling a number of other variables that could explain the relationship between resources and slow economic growth. The following discussion will provide a summary of the key mechanisms identified in the literature. Critique However it is important to note that not all academics support the literature on the existence of the resource curse, Brunnschweiler (2008a) is the most prominent. The main critiques of work by Sachs and Warner are the variables used to measure resource wealth. Brunschweiler for example believes per capita mineral wealth is more appropriate. The question is also raised as to whether Sachs and Warner were right to include agriculture in their regressions. Although agriculture is indeed a primary natural product, as it is the outcome of utilising the resource of land, it can be said that agriculture takes a different path in the economy than minerals or fuel. It may be better to classify agriculture separately when considering the resource curse, especially in the context of the third world where many economies are agricultural based. Further in this paper I will analyse whether agricultural resources cause the same effects on the economy as mineral resources. Arguments against the Resource Curse Big push theory Whilst there is no denial that the resource curse has effected countries like Venezuela, Nigeria and the Congo (Wenar 2008) there have been cases such as Botswana and Norway that have given strength to the opposing big push theory. In the big push model, developing economies are stuck in a trap. In order to develop their economies they need to industrialize so they are able to create wealth of their own. However there are large fixed costs associated with industrialization that developing economies cannot afford. Thus, the name big push comes from the idea that developing economies require a large injection of capital in order to develop. This injection of capital can be used to invest in economic infrastructure and will allow a more rapid accumulation of human capital which further allows social and economic development. (Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny 1989, Birdsall et al 2000) Ironically, this injection of capital could arise from large resource revenues, which suggests that the resource curse may be avoided if the capital is handled in a productive manner, for example a long-term and sustainable plan. An important point made by Walker and Jourdan (2003) is that as access to resources and minerals is becoming easier due to decreased transportation costs, countries are able to sustain industry without having a large natural resource base. This is could mean that countries who are not resource abundant might be better off, as they experience less adverse side-effects that I will discuss in this paper than resource rich economies. Dutch Disease The first effect, cited by Sachs (1995) and many others (Norberg 1993, Gelb 1988) is the Dutch Disease. Although it is often linked to the discovery of a natural resource, Dutch disease can occur when there is any positive income shock. For example a significant rise in primary product world prices can create sudden increased revenues for primary product exporters. The earliest Dutch Disease model I can trace was first created by Corden (1984) and the model has been constantly remodelled and analysed by other academics since. There are two strands of the Dutch disease model, the resource movement effect and the currency appreciation effect. Currency Appreciation Effect Dutch disease is often known as de-industrialisation because as one sector of the economy booms, (in the case of this paper we are talking about the tradable natural resource sector) other tradable sectors of the economy become less competitive. This is because a sudden increase in exportation of a natural resource of any kind can cause currency appreciation (Dutch disease). Whilst this is good for the country as it makes imports cheaper, it makes all the exports from the country (apart from the natural resource) less competitive in the world market as it costs other countries more money to from that particular country. The same path is also true for investment in this sector. This is why the manufacturing sector of resource abundant countries often shrinks. Resource Movement Effect The resource movement effect is the relocation of production factors away from the manufacturing sectors towards to booming (natural resource) sector. Davis and Tilton (2005:238) believe the Dutch disease actually allows a country to benefit from its new found mineral wealth by encouraging resources to flow from other sectors of the economy to the booming sector: However, this resource movement is also a cause of the shrinking of the manufacturing sector noted above. An important point argued in Sachs and Warner (1997) is that the shrinkage of a manufacturing sector itself is not a problem. The problem arises when the shrinkage causes slow economic growth, such a case may occur when an economy becomes more dependent on their natural resources. The advisability of this is not good (Jefferis 1998) as the economy becomes more vulnerable to world price changes in the natural resource. In turn, these often volatile price changes make it hard for governments to make mid or long term economic plans and policies. This is often said to be what happened in the oil rich Middle East in the 1970s (Auty 1990) governments were over optimistic about the earning power of their resources and then the oil prices fell dramatically. However the shrinkage of the manufacturing sector can have a negative impact on the economy because productivity grows faster in the manufacturing sector than in the resource sector (REF) and a decline in this sector means the economy is losing out on this productivity. A similar argument is made by Gylfason (2001) about learning-by-doing and technological advances. The shrinking of a tradable manufacturing sector also creates job losses; usually this could be compensated for as the primary product resource sector expands. But most minerals and oil sectors are capital intensive and not labour intensive (Sarraf 2001), so they are not able to absorb the unemployment. Institutions Another strand of the resource curse theory is the analysis of the relationship between resource abundance and institutions. Defining institutions is a difficult job as it can involve many different aspects of a countries history, culture and government. The main reason why institution analysis is vital to discovering the relationship between resource abundance and economic growth is that institutions affect policy structure and policy structure sets the arena in which an economy and resources are managed. Colonisation Firstly, the history of a nation can go a long way to explaining the current situation a nation faces today. Acemoglu et al (2001) notes the importance of colonisation is the determination of institutions. In his view there are two types of colonisation. There is settlement colonisation whereby the colonisers decided to settle in the region, perhaps due to a low incidence of deadly infectious diseases, as occurred by the British in North America. The settlement colonies are mostly made up of the new world, such as North America and Australasia. The second type of colony are extractive colonies, whereby the colonisers extracted resources that they found valuable, be it people as slaves or minerals. Naturally, these two different paths have caused quite different outcomes in institutions. Intuitive thinking would lead us to believe that traits of a colonisers such as property rights and rules of law would be embedded in there colonies. Indeed, Murshed (2001) and Acemoglu et al (2001) publish papers along the same lines. This theory leads to the thinking that colonies with exploitative colonisers tended to not establish foreign good institutions to the same strength as settled areas. It could be argued, as by Murshed, that patterns of exploitative behaviour with regard to resources were learned and inevitably repeated by colonies. On the other hand, settled colonies tended to retain institutions of law and property rights that European colonisers may have brought over. Acemoglu has raised the point that different colonising nations have left very different institutions behind. For example, he argues that the British colonies inherited better institutions with regard to respect for the rule of law and democracy (Acemoglu et al 2001:p12). In either case it is evident that institutions brought in from Europe have remained in some form. However, we must not forget that the colonies of Africa, Asia and Latin America existed long before they were discovered by the Europeans. Prior to colonisation these countries had their own functioning political and social institutions and it could be that European invaders only adapted these institutions to fit their needs and left many existing ways intact. A small but important point to note is that colonisation could also have had an impact on the ethno linguistic and ethno fractionalisation of a country because artificial country borders were placed upon areas of land with no regards to considering the existing, and it could be argued natural, borders. These artificial borders were emplaced for the ease of the colonisers and very little consideration was given to existing social borders, for example between tribes or geographical boundaries. This enforced ethno fractionalisation can be the cause of conflict within a country, even if natural resources are not in the equation, a prime example of this is in Rwanda. Leite and Weidmann (2002) are of the opinion that resource wealth does not directly affect economic growth, but that it resources affect the likelihood of corruption, which therefore influences economic growth. Bulte, Damania and Deacon (2005) further this argument by pointing out it may not be the existence of institutions that matter but the quality. In Bulte et al (2005) analysis they differentiate between two types of resources. Point resources which are geographically based and therefore an abundance of these resources are typically associated with inequality in terms of power and the division of the surplus, and often are accompanied by vertical relationships between agents (shareholders, managers, labourers). (Bulte et al 2005:p1031). Whereas diffuse resources, such as agricultural land, are more geographically spread and are therefore more equally distributed and less able to be protected by an elite. It is the belief of Bulte et al (p1034) that point resources attract worse quality institutions than diffuse resources with regard to corruption and government performance. Corruption An abundance of natural resources provides substantial revenue for an economy but unfortunately in many developing countries where there are weak infrastructures and poor people, the temptation of this revenue can cause corruption especially in the political sphere. When a government experiences large flows of finance, especially if these flows are relatively sudden, for example a discovery of minerals or oil, or new technology that helps extract resources, it can be hard for a government to manage such flows (Dietz 2005). They may not have had experience in dealing with large sums of money. These sudden windfalls increase the opportunity for corruption as it is hard to keep track of the money and therefore it is easier and to steal and waste. Corruption also comes in the form of laziness. The political elite may chose to ensure they remain in power by buying political favour using the resource revenues. This undermines democracy, but as politicians are able to obtain large sums of money from resources it is easier to buy political favour than to develop good policies and there is little incentive to build infrastructure in other areas of the economy, as resources are the main source of income. One would assume that if areas of the economy were to start failing or not being developed and maintained to a satisfactory standard of the citizens then the citizens would demand action from the government. However, in circumstances where an abundance of resources are in the country, the government often tries to buy favour from the people by not taxing the citizens, instead they use the resource revenues to provide basic infrastructure, such circumstances could be classed as the rentier effect cited by Mehlum (2006) and Brunschweiler (2008a). On the other hand, the government could decide to use the resource revenues to aid them in an effort to block the formation of social groups. The government might try to do this because they fear groups independent of the government may demand more from a government that is unwilling to give more. As Ross (2001: p335) argues Scholars examining the cases of Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, and Iran have all observed oil-rich states blocking the formation of independent social groups; all argue that the state is thereby blocking a necessary precondition of democracy. This is one of the many ways resources appear to affect politics. Whilst the basics are still provided and the people have more money in their hands, the situation can cause problems as the government is not longer held accountable as it is not using the peoples money. Therefore the relationship between government and citizens breaks down. This leads to a less democratic society and one that Karl (1997) believes would be one more vulnerable to civil war. Conflict As previously discussed weak institutions and corruption can both lead to conditions that breed conflict as they diminish the governments ability to function properly. Although a lot of studies are unable to show a strong link between resource extraction and civil conflict (Ross 2004), in recent history there have been many examples of the internal conflict within countries that are abundant in diamonds, such examples are Sierra Leone and Angola. Collier and Hoeffler (2001) cite that war emerges as either a product of grievance or greed. In the case of natural resources it appears that greed is most likely due to the enormity of the revenues compared to other forms of government revenue. The conflict often takes the form of civil war within a country as fractions of society jockey for control over the resource wealth (although the conflict can also take the form of hidden conflict within governments). Collier (2004) suggests that high social and economic inequality, lack of political rights and religious or ethnic divisions in society cause civil wars. The presence of natural resources can act as a catalyst by highlighting these faults and at the same time creating a financial incentive for war. If conflict does occur then (Brunschweiler 2008b) believes it could be the case the conflict makes countries dependent on resource extraction which is the default response when other economic sectors are not performing well. This indicates that once a country enters into conflict due to resources, they may have entered a vicious cycle that will be hard to stop. Fractionalisation within resource abundance societies has been greatly studied (Easterly and Levine 1997, Brunschweiler and Erwin 2009) as it is believed that societies that are fractioned by class struggles, ethnicity or religion have weaker institutions (Hoedler 2006). In turn weaker institutions lead to a diminished ability of the government to control situations and therefore fighting is more likely to erupt (Arezki et al 2007). Whilst the fragmentation in society is the basis for the fighting, the presence of resources can be seen as the trigger or catalyst for conflict. Fighting is bad for economic growth as it decreases productive activities, which lowers productions and lowers incomes (Hoedler 2006). Therefore in general the consensus is that the more homogeneous the society, the less likely the risk of conflict. Having high revenues from resources can also lead to rentier state symptoms as discussed previously. In this case it may be that those in control of resource revenues are constantly on the lookout for opposing groups trying wrest control from them. Unfortunately as they are the ones controlling the revenues, they have money to repress citizens by not only repressing social groups but by employing armed conflict if they require. This is why (Brunschweiler 2008b) believes that as governments are able to fund themselves they are more likely to be authoritarian. Although Rosss (2001) paper primarily discusses the Middle Eastern oil states, he admits that his findings can relate to other mineral economies outside the Middle East. This repression can also distort the economy by squashing entrepreneurial talent (Alayli 2005) However there are some scholars who believe that resource abundance can actually help avoid conflict, for example, Brunnschweiler and Bulte (2008b) say resource wealth raises income, and higher incomes, in turn, reduce the risk of conflict. However, they admit it is a small reduction in risk and it could be that the large prize (resource revenue) that people are able to fight over is a stronger incentive than higher incomes. The link between ethnic fragmentation and the resource curse has been investigated in a paper by Roland Hodler (2006). The aim of his paper is to explain why resources can be a blessing for some countries and a curse for other. For him, there are two effects of natural resources. Firstly, income of a country rises if the country chooses to use the resource for its own industrial benefit or exports them to other countries; this is a direct positive effect. Secondly, an indirect negative effect is natural resource wealth increases conflict, but only (according to Hodler) if there are multiple groups opposing each other. Hodler focuses on rivalling ethnic groups, but other groups that could affect the equilibrium are class groups and political groups. In Hodlers model the resource abundance is a blessing to a country if the direct positive effect is greater than the indirect negative effect, but a curse if the negative outweighs the positive and thus a relatively homogenous society is l ess likely to experience a resource curse as there are less opposing groups challenging the equilibrium. Linked with this argument is that of Bannon and Collier (2003:3) that ethnic dominance alongside resource richness breeds conflict. Ethnic dominance especially in government or institutions has an important advantage because that race then have the power in moderating and equalising ethnic relations, or neglecting and perhaps exacerbating them (Good 2005:p31) The magnitude of the negative effect in Hodlers paper is determined by the number of opposing groups. The higher the number of groups the weaker property rights. I take my definition of property rights from Acemoglu et al (2001) whereby people have secure property rights (rights against expropriation and that those with productive opportunities expect to receive returns on their investment and that a broad cross-section of society have the opportunity to invest. Furthermore Acemoglu et al (2001) make the point that relative political stability is needed in order to maintain these property rights. Human Capital As we can see that the resource curse is interlinked with many aspects of economics. It is also linked with human capital: education and health. Education is important in economic development as it raises labour efficiency, provides a more participative society and a better quality of life (Barro 1997), but is educational development being affected by the resource curse? Evidence by Gylfason (et al 2001: p850) shows that school enrolment at all levels tends to be inversely related to natural resource abundance, as measured by the share of the labour force engaged in primary production, across countries. Questions could be raised about the validity behind using such measures and whether other measures are more appropriate but there is plenty of evidence from other authors such as (Birdsall et al 1997) which come to the same conclusion. There are two prominent arguments about the effect the resource curse has on education and vice versa. Firstly, the vast revenues created by an abundant resource can be used by forward thinking governments to fund education (Sachs and Warner 1997). On the other hand, it has been argued by Gylfason that some resource dependent economies choose not to invest in education infrastructure as they see little immediate need for it because high skill labour and high quality capital are less common in primary production then elsewhere (Gylfason 2001: p10). However focusing on resources (and neglecting education) hinders the learning-by-doing process. This process is more likely to develop, along with gains in technological advances, in the manufacturing sector (Sachs and Warner 1995). Thereby depending on resources and neglecting education can slow economic growth as a whole as there is no incentive to increase the earning power (both at individual and national level) that can be achieved thr ough education. It is also worthy to note that education is strongly linked with a higher rate of absorbing new technologies from other countries (Birdsall 1997). The Case of Botswana Although in the previous section I discussed ways in which an abundance of natural resources could lead to slow economic growth, there have been countries that are resource rich and have had good economic development: for example Norway and Botswana. Norway became one of the top scoring countries on both economic and social indicators in the world (Larson 2003) since the extraction of oil in the early 1970s. Graphs showing growth of Botswana compared to other African nations here In this section I aim to discuss the experience of Botswana through the same key mechanisms I used in the previous chapter. These mechanisms are Dutch disease, institutions, conflict and human capital. By using the same key mechanisms I hope to show how Botswana has avoided the problems that cause the resource curse. Botswana has developed relatively rapidly considering that Botswana was the third poorest country in the world before independence (Beaulier 2003:p233) As Acemoglu et al (2001) points out there were only 22 graduate Batswana, who studied outside the country and only 12km of paved road. It seems that Botswana was in the same position as the majority of Sub-Saharan Africa. But since the average growth in Africa has been negative since 1965 (Acemoglu et al 2001) how has Botswana managed to achieve the highest rate of per capita growth of any country in the world in the last 35 years (Acemoglu et al 2001)? Especially considering that as a resource rich country it could be expected that Botswana would have slower growth than those without resources. Dutch Disease There are contradicting views as to whether Botswana experienced Dutch disease and whether this was due to the presence of diamonds. Mogotsi (2002:129) thinks that a mild Dutch disease occurred in Botswana as there was no large pre-existing manufacturing sector, so when mining occurred, the skilled labour from the small manufacturing sector moved to mining. Less skilled agricultural workers filled the place of the old manufacturing workers. As they are less skilled there is some loss of productivity and efficiency in the manufacturing sector. However Pegg (2009:p2) believes that there is little evidence that agriculture or manufacturing in Botswana has suffered from Dutch disease effects like the Dutch Disease model predicts when there is a large tradable mining sector. This is because there is very little resource movement as the diamond industry in Botswana as diamond mining is capital intensive and site specific (Jefferis 1998). This lack of movement means that few positive externalities are present in Botswanas mining industry. This is evident in the employment rates. Whilst Botswana has many good economic and social indicators, unfortunately a high unemployment rate is not one of them. While mining production contributed 40% to GDP, it absorbed only 4% total employment (Iimi 2006a:p7). This has large implications for income distribution and inequality in Botswana. As wages are higher in the diamond industry (REF) it distorts wealth in the economy. It has been said that only around half of the population have benefitted from the increased revenues, outside of gains in education, healthcare and infrastructure. This is reflected in around 50% of the population still living below the poverty line despite GDP per capita being around $1000 as there is a small workforce for diamonds and a high unemployment rate in general. (http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp5.htm) However, in the resource curse theorem if Dutch disease were to occur then imports would be cheaper. As Botswana is 80% Kalahari Desert (Beaulier 2003) agriculture is not a major industry and as such Botswana imports most of its needs. 75% of imports come from neighbouring South Africa (Iimi 2006b:p18) there are very little visible effects of the negative sides of Dutch disease. Currency appreciation is the most obvious side-effect of resource related Dutch disease. But large diamond revenues have not caused Botswanas currency, the Pula, to be consistently overvalued. (Pegg 2009:p4) Although Botswana faces a difficult situation with regards to exchange rates. Botswana must managed the exchange rates carefully as it imports 75% of its goods from South Africa (REF) but Botswanas exports are valued in US dollars. Therefore Botswana must try to keep the Pula stable against both the South African rand and US dollar at the same time to avoid increased prices of food or decreased earnings due to falling dollar prices. So far Botswana has managed this well. Botswana has also been forward thinking by accumulating large foreign exchange reserves (Jefferis 1998) which are important and useful to have because it gives them the ability to manipulate exchange rates to aid the domestic currency should it need it. The government also created the Public Debt Service Fund (PDSF) in 1972. It recognises that the diamond revenues may be beyond the governments absorptive capacity and so the PDSF allows the government to save money rather than overheat the economy by spending it. (Pegg 2009:p3).The Revenue Stabilization Fund (RSF) is especially useful in times of economic downturn like the current financial crisis, as they government are able to finance normal spending by using the savings rather than borrowing. Of course, although good governance has caused what is seen to be a success with regards to revenue management (Samatar 1999; Leith 2005), it has also been said (Pegg 2009:p2) that stability of rent streams also helped Botswana control the massive flows and not fall into resource related Dutch disease. This has also led Botswana to move upper middle income status in the World Bank classification. This is impressive as before independence Botswana was classified as a low income country. (World Bank Income Classification). Institutions Several authors have put forward the argument that inclusive pre-colonial institutions are responsible for Botswanas economic development as institutions are a reason why food policies are chosen and also enable good policy choices to stick. Beaulier 2003) Before colonisation it seems that Botswana society was generally inclusive. An important institution of traditional Botswana society is the role of kgotlas which are an assembly of adult males in which issues of public interest were discussed (Acemoglu et al 2001) Botswana society allowed open dissent of the King and chiefs in kgotlas which provided a fair and accountable society. A further point argued by Acemoglu et al (2001) and also by Englebert (2000) and Iimi (2006a) is that the relatively unintrusive nature of British colonialism left a lot of traditional and functional institutions intact. During the scramble for Africa in the 1800s Britain agreed to granted Botswana protectorate status requested by Batswana chiefs in 1885 (Beaulier 2003). The chiefs wanted protection from the South African Boers who were moving towards Botswana. However, Britain apart from protecting fr